@article { author = {Omoregie, Queen and Oboh, Bola and Egonmwan, Rosemary}, title = {Conservation Attitudes and Challenges: A Study of Forest Elephants In Southern Nigeria Forests}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {1-11}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.56367}, abstract = {Elephant populations in Southern Nigeria are small and most of them exist in forest islands isolated by farms, monoculture plantations, and human habitations. Their close proximity to communities often results in Human-Elephant Conflicts (HEC). Awareness of, and attitudes towards the conservation of elephants in four elephant ranges in Southern Nigeria were determined using field observations, questionnaires, and interviews. The major threats to the species’ sustainability were development in and around the forests (24.1%), logging (22.0%) and hunting activities (20.0%). Incidences of HEC as a result of crop-raiding/damage, non-payment of compensation to farmers whose crops were raided and perceived highhandedness of protected area staff were some of the factors responsible for the negative attitude of the respondents to elephant conservation. Conservation education, alternative means of livelihood and effective mitigation methods could help change the attitude of communities and also serve as a means for sustainable conservation strategy of these relict elephant populations}, keywords = {Forest elephants,conservation attitudes,Human-Elephant Conflicts,Southern Nigeria}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_56367.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_56367_130854730b9e043974995287f860381d.pdf} } @article { author = {A., El-Damhogy, and Abdel-Halim, Ahmed and Bashar, Mansour and Abdel-Salam, Khaled and Abou Ellif, Abdel-Salam}, title = {Patella caerulea (Mollusca, Gastropoda) as Bio-Indicator for Certain Pollutants at El-Mex Bay, Alexandria, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {13-28}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.57215}, abstract = {The dominant molluscan speciesPatella caerulea was selected as a trace metals bio indicator. During winter and summer 2016, its specimens were scraped from El-Mex Bay. Concentrations of heavy metals in the water, sediments andPatella caerulea (shells and soft tissues) were determined. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) concentrations (conc.) during summer were higher than winter except for shells which had Cd conc. in summer lower than winter, water showed Cu conc. in winter more than summer, Fe appeared higher conc. in water and Patellacaerulea during winter more than summer, Mn had higher conc. in water and sediments than summer, Ni had higher conc. in water and soft tissues during winter than summer and Zn in water during summer is lower than winter. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) ofCd, Pb, Cu, Fe inPatellacaerulea shells were more than soft tissues, also they were more in winter than summer except that of Cu in winter was lower than summer, BAF of Fe in soft tissues was higher than shells also that of Mn and Zn in Patellacaerulea during winter were lower than summer, also BAFs of Mn in soft tissues and shells was nearly similar.The highest metal pollution index (MPI) for the studied species appeared in shells (105.95) followed by that of soft tissues during summer and winter (80.54 and 74.64, respectively). While MPI in shells during winter (46.13) came to the last.}, keywords = {Patella caerulea. Bio-indicator,Pollutants,alexandria,Egypt}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_57215.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_57215_522d54da1ad9c366225dd1cdbe684ac0.pdf} } @article { author = {Hassan, Ahmad and ELaraby, Eman and Gad EL-Hak, Heba and Abbas, Osama}, title = {Evaluate Subchronic Toxic Effects of Repeated Exposure of Megadoses of Vitamin E in Male Albino Rats}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {29-41}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.58559}, abstract = {Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is a potent antioxidant and possesses an important role in deactivating free radicals in the cells and preventing the hazardous effects of reactive oxygen species thus stopping the lipid peroxidation process. However, the overdosing of a vitamin is toxic and leads to many harmful effects. The current work aimed to assess the potential subchronic toxicity of vitamin E megadoses for 90 days of treatment and after 45 days of recovery. Forty-seven male albino rats weighting (120-140 g) were used in this study and were divided into seven groups each of seven animals. The normal control group, three groups treated with (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) of vitamin E for successive 90 days, and the last three groups were treated with the same doses and left 45 days for recovery. The results showed that higher doses of vitamin E had significantly increased liver enzymes ALT and AST, MDA, and altered hematological parameters. The toxicity was proportional to the dose and recovery period showed maintained liver toxicity while kidney regains their normal function. The study concluded that although vitamin E reported being a potent antioxidant, it is very toxic unless it had used within the range of recommended doses and should be used under the prescription of the physicians}, keywords = {Vitamin E,α-tocopherol,subchronic,liver function,Megadoses}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_58559.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_58559_f4d88f52d28eb35054925005cbe98a79.pdf} } @article { author = {M., El-Sayed and M., Abd El Khalek, and A., Amer, and H., Sarhan,}, title = {The Guard Coral Crabs of Familes Trapeziidae and Domeciidae (Superfamily Trapezoidea) from the Egyptian Red Sea Coasts, and Its Asscoiated Gulfs, Aqaba and Suez, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {43-65}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.60910}, abstract = {A total of 6 species belong to families Domciidae and Trapeziidae (superfamily Trapezoidea: Brachyura: Decapoda) live in symbionts with branching stony corals in the shallow waters of the Egyptian coasts of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba and Gulf of Suez were recorded during this study. These species were carefully examined and revised. The first family (Domciidae) was represented by only one species, Domecia hispida; while family Trapeziidae has 5 species comprised: Trapezia bidentata, Tr. cymodoce, Tr. digitalis, Tr. guttata and Tr. tigrina. All 5 species of genus Trapezia are well represented in the Red Sea waters; while Gulf of Aqaba was inhabited with Tr. cymodoce, Tr. bidentata and Tr. tigrina, and Gulf of Suez was occupied with Tr. cymodoce and Tr. gutata, in addition to Domecia hisipida. A brief description on general character, size, localities, color, habitats, and distribution was given. Constructed keys for identification of genera and species were also given.}, keywords = {Trapezia,Domecia,Red Sea,Gulf of Suez,Gulf of Aqaba,Egypt}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60910.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60910_67980c606d038135dc80db2f11171746.pdf} } @article { author = {Obuid-Allah, Ahmad and El-shimy, Naser and Hussien, Elamier and Aboulnasr, Gehad}, title = {Illustrated Taxonomic Key of Terrestrial Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) Inhabiting Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {67-96}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.61219}, abstract = {Spiders have strong effect on the density of insect populations and have been shown to limit insect pests in the agricultural environment. On reviewing literature that focused on the Egyptian spider’s fauna, it could be concluded that the correct identification of many spider species is considered problematic due to complex variations in morphology and lack of systematic studies. Thus, the present study was aimed to design a key to facilitate identification of true spiders using their morphological characteristics and make a catalogue for different families and species inhabiting Assiut governorate; the central part of Upper Egypt (27º14' N and 31º11' E) and lies within the arid belt of North Africa.  Samples of spiders were collected monthly during a period of one year (from December 2015 till November 2016) from six different sites covering Assiut governorate using hand picking method. Survey results revealed the occurrence of 3457 specimens belonging to 22 families that included 42 genera and 47 species. Out of these species, 40 species are considered as new locality records at Assiut Governorate.}, keywords = {Illustrated Taxonomic Key,terrestrial Spiders,Araneae,Assiut Governorate,Upper Egypt}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_61219.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_61219_4ec97e4d1bbfdbc58309be111e341628.pdf} } @article { author = {A., Yousif and Hamed, A. and Dungos, F. and Yagob, G.}, title = {Effect of Replacing Fishmeal with Baobab Seed Meal (Adansona digitata) on Growth, Feed Conversion and Carcass Composition for Nile Tilapia Fry (Oreochromis niloticus)}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {97-105}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.61513}, abstract = {The experiment was conducted at the Fish Hatchery - Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Science, College of Animal Production Science and Technology, Sudan University of Science and Technology during the period 15/07-02/09/2018 to determine the effect of replacing fishmeal with baobab seed meal in the formulation of diets for Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus) fish and determining effect on the growth rate. The experiment included 12 plastic aquariums, Fish were distributed randomly in aquariums and placed in each one 10 fish. Acclimatized to the hatchery conditions for 3 days, before the beginning of the experiment. The experiment included 4 treatments with 3 replicated aquariums for each. Feeds T0, T1, T2 and T3 (The diets replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75% of fish meal protein content by baobab seed meal. The results indicated that final body weight (BW), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of O. niloticus increased with increasing level of fish baobab seed meal in diets. WG was found 20.10, 28.23 and 37.90 for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, F test) and LSD for significantly different means at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS version 16.}, keywords = {Growth performance,Diets,Treatment,Baobab,Orechromis niloticus}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_61513.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_61513_2d5125060ff9c9d892756038bc49dfe0.pdf} } @article { author = {Rageh, Monira and Mohamad, Ebtesam and El-Garhy, Marwa}, title = {Magnetic Field Improves the Efficiency of Low Dose Cis-Platin by Alteration the Oxidative Stress in Ehrlich Carcinoma-Bearing Mice}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {107-112}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.63756}, abstract = {50 Hz and 50 mT magnetic field (MF) with an exposure period of 30 min./day for 15 days was used to enhance the efficiency of a low dose of cisplatin on BALB/C mice. Tumor tissues were evaluated by oxidative stress parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. The result shows that treatment with MF and cisplatin decreases the activity of SOD and GSH level and increases the MDA level compared to the treatment with MF or cisplatin alone. In conclusion, these results reveal that MF improves the therapeutic efficiency of cisplatin.}, keywords = {Cisplatin,MF,Ehrlich carcinoma}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_63756.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_63756_bed66d8a3f77ed0a48416f495cf1f9ae.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalifa, Refaat and Hussein, Abdel-Nasser and Abdel-Ghaffar, Zeinab}, title = {First Comparative Redescription of Six Types of Larval Stages of Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) From Red Sea Fishes at Hurghada, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {113-127}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.63758}, abstract = {Nematodes of the genus Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) infect marine fishes either with larval and adult stages. Humans can be accidentally infected upon consumption of infected seafood. Inspire of their importance, little is known about their occurrence and systematics in Egypt. During the present study, different Red Sea fishes at Hurghada (Egypt) were examined for parasitic infection. Among others four types of third-stage larvae and two types of fourth-stage larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. were for the first time redescribed from Egypt and compared from each other as well as from otherwise elsewhere previously described forms. Moreover, their comparative morphometry, fish hosts differences as well as their medical importance, had been discussed.}, keywords = {Hysterothylacium,3rd & 4th larval stages, Red Sea fish hosts, Hurghada, Egypt}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_63758.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_63758_149666b1eacbc45ba68427ab41c3637e.pdf} } @article { author = {Riad, Saber and Al-Mongy, Mahmoud and Abdel-Halim, El-Sayed}, title = {Movement Patterns of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) During Spring Migration over Rift Valley/Red Sea Flyway, Gulf of Suez, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {129-139}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.65676}, abstract = {          The aim of this study to follow up on the spring migration of the black kite (Milvus migrans) before crossing from the west bank of the Gulf of Suez opposite the South Sinai region, Egypt. Daily observations were carried out over the period 22 February - 12 May 2019, where 7,004 individuals (968 records) of BK were recorded. Most BK flight direction observed (46% NW and 17% SE) had a reversed direction of spring migration, which need to soar to gain height, and then return over and around the study area at higher altitudes to be able to cross the water barrier easily. The observed behavior of black kites is regularly shown in the study area despite long-term irregular weather conditions during the Spring, most of BK 66% were recorded during the prevailing northwardly wind. whereas, more than 43% of BK were recorded in low wind speeds, representing about 43% of all records, while less than 3% of birds recorded in high wind speeds, representing less than 6% of records.}, keywords = {Black kite,Milvus migrans,Migratory soaring birds,Gulf of Suez,South Sinai,Egypt}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_65676.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_65676_0358e1e07d0777edef6261fb284ca956.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghanem, Mohamed}, title = {Effect of Food Availability on Some Biochemical Responses in the Target Organs of Mugil cephalus Inhabiting Abu-Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {141-157}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.66155}, abstract = {The present study aimed to determine food and feeding habits of Mugil cephalus collected from Abu-Qir Bay, Egyptduring the period from July, 2017 to June, 2018 and its effect on the nutritional values (total proteins, total lipids, total carbohydrates) in the target organs (kidney, liver, and muscles) of the commercial fishes, M. cephalus. Results indicated that, the rate of feeding activity of M. cephalus was peaked during summer and declined during winter. The maximum value of feeding activity was recorded in the larger fish during summer and autumn and the minimum values occurred in the smaller one during autumn and winter. In the present study, the changes in feeding activity appear to be correlated with water temperature and the availability of food in nature.            The biochemical composition of fish organs is a good indicator of the fish quality and physiological condition. Data declared that the minimum value of total proteins in the kidney and liver was observed in the small size during the summer. Moreover, the percentages of protein contents in the muscles of M. cephalus are usually affected by several factors including the type of food, fish size and seasons. It was declined during autumn in the small fish.Results revealed that the maximum average values of total lipids in the kidney and liver of M. cephalus wererecorded in the large fishes during spring. Whereas, the minimum values were detected in the same size during summer. However, total lipids in the muscles attained its lower value in the small fish during summer and the higher ones in the large size during spring.The present study exhibited the increasing level of total carbohydrates in the kidney of M. cephalus, during spring in large size of fishes and the decreasing value occurred in the same group during autumn. On the other hand, total carbohydrates in the liver showed seasonal variations with an increasing level in the large fishes during autumn and the decreasing level occurred in the same group during spring. However, total carbohydrates were peaked in the muscles of the small-sized group during autumn and spring and declined in the large one during spring.Although, the availability of food items during any season due to the optimum condition; it may reflect the lower level of nutritional values attributed to the changes in water quality by the action of pollutants, that may critically influence the growth rate and quality of the fishes which feed on flora and plankton induced by bioaccumulation of metals.Statistical analysis of metabolic parameters in the target organs at different sized groups of M. cephalus showed significant differences (p < 0.05) at one way of ANOVA between the different organs and between different parameters. On the other hand, it was non-significant differences in the interaction between organs and sized group, by using two ways of ANOVA.Such investigation may lead to a better understanding of some biological aspects like food chains, growth rates, productivity, mortality, and nutritional values as well as their trophic levels.}, keywords = {Food available,Nutritional Value,Mugil cephalus}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_66155.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_66155_e5d213d9ddc57f56a0f87d50f161cab8.pdf} } @article { author = {Badawi, Ibtihal and Bawazir, Salwa}, title = {Morphological Examination and Histopathological Investigation of Gills In Common Carp, Experimentally Infected With Arenomas hydrophila}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {159-168}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.66641}, abstract = {Infectious diseases are the main reason for economic harm in the aquaculture industry, which is depressingly impacted by numerous pathogenic organisms.  Arenomas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) recognized as an opportunistic pathogen.  Forty fish were used in the present study, which was divided into two groups. One serves as control group (n=20) and the other group was experimentally infected with a strain of A. hydrophila. The clinical response was observed every day for 7 days. Then at the end of the experimental period, the fish dissected and the gills were removed for histological investigation. External signs of infection revealed many lesions such as hemorrhage in fins as well as a caudal peduncle. Also, reddish/gray ulcers with necrosis extending to the muscle were observed. Histopathologically, gills of Cyprinus carpio exhibited a varying degree of histopathological changes. Epithelial changes such as lifting and rupture of the lamellar epithelium, lamellar fusion. }, keywords = {Arenomas hydrophila,experimental infection,Gill,Cyprinus carpio}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_66641.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_66641_e374e35cb430f309bb0cc99d3b7dea06.pdf} } @article { author = {Hamza, Dalia}, title = {Morphological Effects of Pollution on Gill of Common Clam, Tapes decussatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Bivalvia: Veneridae)}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {169-179}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.71995}, abstract = {Bivalves have been widely used as bioindicators of aquatic habitats because their filter-feeding habit leads to the accumulation of pollutants from the environment. Tapes decussatus is a common edible venerid clam bivalve in Egypt and has particular importance because its habit of penetrating sea sediments can provide information about the surrounding environment. Gill filaments have a large surface with constant contact with water and are therefore used to monitor aquatic environments. In this study, total hydrocarbons and heavy metals were measured in two sites of Egypt, Cleopatra shore (Marsa Matrouh) and Port of Suez (Suez); scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of Tapes decussatus gill filaments and to compare the gill structure in specimens from the two sites. Cleopatra site presents low levels of heavy metals and hydrocarbons undetected, whereas Port of Suez site recorded high levels; because it was directly affected by industrial discharges and harbor pollutants. The gill filaments of T. decussatus have three types of cilia; frontal cilia, latero-frontal cilia, and lateral cilia. Structures joining the inner and outer gill lamellae were found on the abfrontal surface. By comparing the gill of the clam from the two sites; there was an aggregation of particles on the ostia, appearance of bacterial communities at the abfrontal surface of gill fillaments and accumulation of mucus on the frontal surface of the gill filaments of specimens which collected from Suez Port site.This mucus may function as a protective barrier against pollutants}, keywords = {Bivalvia,Veneridae,Tapes decussatus,Filter-feeding,Gill,Pollutants,Scanning Electron Microscopy}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_71995.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_71995_f0479038335c4473def991b5fff3b72b.pdf} } @article { author = {Salah-Eldein, Ahmed and Elassy, Nehal and H., Hammad, and Saad, Enas}, title = {Assessment of Some Heavy Metals Concentration in Slender-Billed Gulls (Larus genei) From Lake Quaron Protected Area, Fayoum, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {181-187}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences}, issn = {2090-0759}, eissn = {2090-0821}, doi = {10.21608/eajbsz.2019.98857}, abstract = {Wild birds play an important role as a bio-indicator for heavy metals pollution in the environment due to its wide distribution and its higher trophic level in the food chain. In the present study, 46 Slender-billed Gulls (Larus genei) were collected during the breeding season from Lake Quaron protected area, Fayoum governorate, Egypt. Levels of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) were estimated in different tissues of slender-billed gulls (liver, breast muscle, heart and breast feathers). The aim of the current study is to determine the best tissue which can be used as a bio-indicator for each metal. Also to assess the environmental pollution with heavy metals in Lake Quaron. The result revealed that the higher concentration of Cd was estimated in the heart and liver (P<0.05) while the lower concentration was observed in feathers and muscle. The higher level of Pb and Zn were observed in feathers (P<0.05) and the lower level were observed in muscle. The major site of Cu accumulation in the examined tissue was liver (P<0.05) and the minor site was muscle and heart. Generally, the liver can be used as a good indicator for both Cd and Cu while feathers are a good indicator for Pb and Zn. The level of all the examined metals was relatively decreased in Lake Quaron except Zn was increased in comparison with a previous study.}, keywords = {Heavy metals,Slender-billed Gull,bio-indicator,Lake Quaron protected area}, url = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_98857.html}, eprint = {https://eajbsz.journals.ekb.eg/article_98857_2711a71d18fb92e95dce40ab9ca23220.pdf} }